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Khuyến cáo (2023) của Liên chi Hội Tim mạch Tp. Hồ Chí Minh về chẩn đoán và điều trị bệnh van tim (Phần 1)

Trưởng ban: PGS.TS. PHẠM NGUYỄN VINH

Tham gia biên soạn: PGS.TS. HỒ HUỲNH QUANG TRÍ,

TS.BS. TRẦN VŨ MINH THƯ, BS CKII. LÊ THỊ ĐẸP,

BS CKII. TRẦN THỊ TUYẾT LAN, ThS.BS. HUỲNH THANH KIỀU,

ThS.BS. PHẠM ĐỖ ANH THƯ, BS CKI. PHẠM THỤC MINH THỦY

Biên tập: LƯƠNG BÍCH NHUNG, TRẦN THỊ THANH NGA

 

DANH MỤC TỪ VIẾT TẮT

Từ viết tắt Tiếng Việt Tiếng Anh
ΔP Độ chênh áp lực
AVAi Chỉ số diện tích mở van ĐMC
ASA Aspirin Aspirin
BMV Bệnh mạch vành
CABG Phẫu thuật bắc cầu động mạch vành Coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Chụp MDCT Chụp cắt lớp vi tính đa dãy MDCT (Multidetector computed tomography)
CT Chụp cắt lớp vi tính Computed tomography
ĐMC Động mạch chủ
ĐMP Động mạch phổi
AVAi Chỉ số Diện tích mở van Aortic Valve Area (index)
FFR Phân suất dự trữ lưu lượng mạch vành Fractional flow reserve
iFR Chỉ số sóng tự do tức thời Instantaneous wave free ratio
INR Tỉ lệ chuẩn hóa quốc tế International Normalized Ratio
MCC Mức chứng cứ
MDT Nhóm đa chuyên khoa Multi-Disciplinary Team
MIDA Mitral Regurgitation International Database
MRA Cộng hưởng từ mạch máu Magnetic Resonance Angiography
MSCT Chụp CT đa lát cắt Multidetector Slices Computed Tomography
PCI Can thiệp động mạch vành qua da Percutaneous coronary intervention
PET Chụp cắt lớp phát xạ positron Positron emission tomography
PISA Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area
PMBC Nong van hai lá bằng bóng Percutaneous Mitral Balloon Commissurotomy
PSTM Phân suất tống máu
PSTMTT

LVEF

Phân suất tống máu thất trái Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
LFLG Cung lượng tim thấp Low flow, low gradient
LMWH Heparin trọng lượng phân tử thấp Low-molecular-weight heparin
LVESD Đường kính thất trái cuối tâm thu Left Ventricle End-systolic Dimension
SATQTN

TTE

Siêu âm tim qua thành ngực Trans-Thoracic Echocardiography
SATQTQ

TEE

Siêu âm tim qua thực quản Trans-Oesophageal Echocardiography
SAVR Thay van động mạch chủ bằng phẫu thuật Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement
STS Hội phẫu thuật lồng ngực Society of thoracic surgeons
SYNTAX Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery
SVI Chỉ số cung lượng thất Stroke volume index
TAVI Thay van động mạch chủ qua da Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
TEER Kẹp các bờ lá van qua đường ống thông Transcatheter Edge-To-Edge Repair
TTR Thời gian trong khoảng điều trị Time in Therapeutic Range
V Vận tốc Velocity
VC Vena Contracta
UFH Heparin không phân đoạn Unfractionated heparin
VNTMNT Viêm nội tâm mạc nhiễm trùng

 

Lời mở đầu

Bệnh van tim có thể là nguyên nhân hay hậu quả của tổn thương cơ tim, từ đó có bệnh van tim nguyên phát và van tim thứ phát. Nhờ các tiến bộ của lâm sàng và cận lâm sàng (siêu âm tim, chụp cắt lớp điện toán, cộng hưởng từ, thông tim), chẩn đoán bệnh van tim đã được chuẩn hóa.

            Hội Tim mạch Quốc gia Việt Nam đã có khuyến cáo về bệnh van tim từ vài năm trước. Khuyến cáo này cập nhật các tiến bộ trong chẩn đoán và điều trị dựa trên các nghiên cứu mới. Khuyến cáo cũng tham khảo các khuyến cáo gần đây của Hội Tim mạch châu Âu, khuyến cáo của Hội Tim mạch Hoa Kỳ.

            Mức khuyến cáo được xếp loại I có ý nghĩa cần thực hiện, lợi ích cao hơn nguy cơ. Mức IIa khi độ mạnh cũng là trung bình, dù thực hiện lợi vẫn cao hơn nguy cơ; mức IIb khi khuyến cáo thực hiện ở vị trí yếu, vẫn có lợi hoặc lợi bằng hại khi thực hiện. Mức chứng cứ loại III khi không nên thực hiện, nguy cơ cao hơn lợi ích.

            Mức chứng cứ là A khi dựa vào nhiều nghiên cứu có phân phối ngẫu nhiên hoặc nghiên cứu phân tích tổng hợp. Mức B khi chỉ dựa vào một nghiên cứu ngẫu nhiên. Mức C khi dựa vào nghiên cứu quan sát sổ bộ hay đồng thuận.

Bảng 1. Phân loại các khuyến cáo

 

Bảng 2. Các mức chứng cứ

Nguyên tắc chung

  • Bệnh van tim có thể phát hiện nhờ vào triệu chứng cơ năng, nghe được âm thổi, hoặc phát hiện tình cờ qua siêu âm tim.
  • Khi nghi ngờ có bệnh van tim, cần hỏi kỹ bệnh sử, khám thực thể. Điện tâm đồ (ECG), X-quang ngực và siêu âm tim 2D và Doppler màu.
  • Để có đầy đủ dữ kiện giúp chẩn đoán và điều trị, đôi khi cần siêu âm tim qua thực quản, chụp cắt lớp điện toán, ảnh cộng hưởng từ, trắc nghiệm gắng sức, Holter ECG, thông tim khảo sát huyết động và chụp cắt lớp phóng tia positron kết hợp với cắt lớp điện toán.

1. Các định nghĩa về độ nặng của bệnh van tim

Độ nặng của van dựa vào nhiều tiêu chuẩn: triệu chứng cơ năng, giải phẫu học lá van, huyết động của van và ảnh hưởng của rối loạn chức năng van trên tâm thất.

            Các giai đoạn của bệnh van tim được phân chia ra A, B, C, D.

Bảng 3. Các giai đoạn của bệnh van tim (1)

2. Chẩn đoán bệnh van tim

Siêu âm tim qua thành ngực (SATQTN) là phương tiện chính chẩn đoán bệnh van tim(2–5). Một số bệnh nhân cần thêm siêu âm tim gắng sức, siêu âm tim qua thực quản (SATQTQ), thông tim và chụp cắt lớp điện toán hoặc ảnh cộng hưởng từ.

            Bệnh nhân bị bệnh van tim cần được khám ngay khi xuất hiện triệu chứng cơ năng hay có thay đổi triệu chứng cơ năng. Lúc này cần làm lại SATQTN. Triệu chứng thực thể mới xuất hiện cũng cần SATQTN (2–8).

            Theo dõi định kỳ rất cần thiết với bệnh nhân bệnh van tim. Tối thiểu mỗi năm cần được khám nghiệm một lần, gần hơn khi triệu chứng cơ năng gia tăng.

            Khi cận lâm sàng không xâm nhập không giúp cắt nghĩa hoặc khi có bất tương hợp giữa cận lâm sàng không xâm nhập với triệu chứng cơ năng, cần khảo sát thông tim giúp đo trực tiếp áp lực buồng tiim, độ chênh áp qua van, cung lượng tim và sức cản mạch phổi.

            Một số bệnh nhân bệnh van tim, trắc nghiệm gắng sức sẽ giúp có quyết định điều trị tối ưu. Khi triệu chứng cơ năng mơ hồ, trắc nghiệm gắng sức sẽ giúp phát hiện (2,3).

3. Các nguyên tắc cơ bản điều trị nội khoa

Một số nguyên tắc cơ bản trong điều trị nội khoa bệnh nhân bệnh van tim:

  • Các yếu tố nguy cơ tim mạch như tăng huyết áp, tiểu đường, tăng lipid máu và lối sống lành mạnh cần được quan tâm điều trị (tập thể dục, ăn lành mạnh, không thuốc lá, giữ cân nặng bình thường).
  • Thể dục vận động hay thể dục đẳng lực với tạ nhẹ đều hữu ích tăng cường lực cơ.
  • Mặc dù điều trị chính bệnh lý của van là thiết yếu; một số bệnh nhân từ chối can thiệp hay không còn can thiệp được, điều trị suy tim tâm thu bằng thuốc theo khuyến cáo vẫn hữu ích.
  • Các bệnh nhân có hẹp van, không nên điều trị giảm đột ngột huyết áp.
  • Cần phòng ngừa thấp tim và phòng ngừa viêm nội tâm mạc nhiễm trùng. Vệ sinh răng miệng rất cần thiết trong phòng ngừa cúm mùa, giúp ngăn ngừa yếu tố làm nặng bệnh.

4. Phòng ngừa thấp tim

Phòng ngừa thấp tim thường lâu dài, nhiều năm: 5 năm, 10 năm hoặc lâu hơn đến năm 60 tuổi. tùy theo điều kiện người bệnh, có biện pháp thích hợp: thuốc tiêm hoặc thuốc uống.

Bảng 4. Phòng ngừa thứ cấp thấp tim (1)

Kháng sinh phòng ngừa Liều dùng*
Penicillin G benzathine Tiêm bắp 1,2 triệu đơn vị/ mỗi 4 tuần †
Penicillin V potassium 200mg, uống ngày 2 lần
Sulfadiazine 1g uống ngày 1 lần
Macrolide hoặc kháng sinh Azalide (bệnh nhân dị ứng penicillin và sulfadiazine)ǂ Liều thay đổi
*Bệnh nhân có bệnh van tim hậu thấp, cần phòng ngừa 10 năm hay tới 40 tuổi. Phòng ngừa suốt đời với bệnh nhân nguy cơ cao. Phòng ngừa thứ cấp cần thiết cho cả bệnh nhân đã thay van tim

5. Phòng ngừa viêm nội tâm mạc nhiễm trùng (VNTMNT)

Trên van đã bị tổn thương hoặc van nhân tạo, VNTMNT có thể xảy ra do vi trùng từ răng miệng hay nhiễm trùng từ ngoài da. Các bệnh tim bẩm sinh chưa được điều trị cũng có nguy cơ VNTMNT.

Loại MCC Khuyến cáo phòng ngừa VNTMNT(1)
IIa C 1. Kháng sinh phòng ngừa cần thiết cho mọi thủ thuật răng miệng, trên bệnh nhân có bệnh van tim có kèm:(9)

a. Van nhân tạo, sau phẫu thuật hay thay qua da

b. Vật liệu nhân tạo sửa can, bao gồm vòng van, dây chằng, clips

c. Tiền sử VNTMNT

d. Bệnh tim bẩm sinh tím không điều trị hoặc đã điều trị nhưng có shunt tồn lưu hoặc hở van

e. Van hở trên tim ghép

III

không có lợi

B 2. Bệnh nhân có bệnh van tim và có nguy cơ cao VNTMNT, kháng sinh phòng ngừa không được khuyến cáo cho thủ thuật ngoài răng (VD: siêu âm tim qua thực quản, nội soi thực quản ruột non, nội soi dạ dàym nội soi bàng quang), nếu không có nhiều bằng cấp(10,11).

VNTMNT này là nguy cơ của van được ghép qua thông tim (ví dụ: TAVI). Tim được cấy ghép, đặc biệt trong 6 tháng đầu, có nguy cơ cao VNTMNT.

            Vệ sinh răng miệng rất cần thiết. Sử dụng bàn chải đánh răng hay kéo chỉ có thể tăng 20% đến 68% vi trùng xâm nhập máu, sử dụng tăm cũng dẫn đến hiện tượng tương tự từ 20 – 40%. Do đó giữ cho bộ răng không bị bệnh rất cần thiết.

6. Kháng đông điều trị rung nhĩ kèm bệnh van tim

Loại MCC Khuyến cáo về dùng kháng đông điều trị rung nhĩ kèm bệnh van tim (1)
I C 1. Bệnh nhân có rung nhĩ và bệnh van tự nhiên, ngoại trừ hẹp 2 lá hậu thấp hoặc bệnh nhân có van sinh học > 3 tháng, kháng đông mới (NOAC) có thể thay thế thuốc kháng vitamin K. Cần cho theo chỉ định CHA2DS2-VAS score.(12,13)
I A 2. Rung nhĩ và hẹp 2 lá hậu thấp, kháng vitamin K uống cần lâu dài
IIa B 3. Bệnh nhân mới rung nhĩ khoảng 3 tháng sau phẫu thuật hoặc thay van sinh học qua da, kháng đông với kháng vitamin K là hợp lý(14–16)
III

có hại

B 4. Không sử dụng NOAC ở bệnh nhân van cơ học dù có hay không rung nhĩ (17)

Kháng vitamin K (warfarin hay acenocoumarol) cần được sử dụng phòng ngừa huyết khối cho bệnh nhân hẹp van hai lá hậu thấp hoặc bệnh nhân có van tim cơ học. Kháng đông mới (NOAC) có thể thay thế kháng vitamin K ở bệnh nhân rung nhĩ có van sinh học sau cấy ghép 3 tháng hoặc van tim tự nhiên bị bệnh (ngoại trừ hẹp hai hai lá do thấp tim).

Hình 1. Sử dụng kháng đông trên bệnh nhân van tim có kèm rung nhĩ (1)

Rung nhĩ xảy ra sau phẫu thuật van tim làm tăng tật bệnh và tử vong (14,15) bất kể điểm CHA₂DS₂-VASc. Do đó những bệnh nhân này cần được sử dụng thuốc kháng vitamin K trong 3 tháng đầu. Sau đó lượng định lại, tùy theo điểm CHA₂DS₂-VASc có thể sử dụng kháng đông mới.

7. Khảo sát nguy cơ can thiệp và nguy cơ phẫu thuật

Khảo sát nguy cơ trước phẫu thuật hay can thiệp thay van qua ống thông rất cần thiết. Có thể sử dụng các ứng dụng trực tuyến cần bàn luận trước thủ thuật giữa bác sĩ Nội tim mạch, phẫu thuật viên và bác sĩ can thiệp. Chia sẻ quyết định điều trị với bệnh nhân cũng rất hữu ích.

Bảng 5. Nguy cơ tử vong của các phẫu thuật đặc biệt (Theo chỉ số STS 2019) (1)

Thủ thuật Tỷ lệ tử vong (%)
Thay van động mạch chủ 2.2
Thay van ĐMC và BCĐMV 4
Thay van ĐMC và van 2 lá 9
Thay van 2 lá 5
Thay van 2 lá và BCĐMV 9
Sửa van 2 lá 1
Sửa van 2 lá và bắc cầu ĐMV 5
BCĐMV = Bắc cầu động mạch vành; STS = Society of Thoracic Surgeons.

8. Xử trí bệnh nhân bệnh van tim sau can thiệp sửa hay thay van

Tất cả các bệnh nhân được điều trị can thiệp van (thay van qua da, sửa van, thay van bằng phẫu thuật) cần được chăm sóc và theo dõi định kỳ suốt đời người bệnh: điều trị nội khoa, theo dõi van nhân tạo hay van được sửa (lâm sàng, siêu âm tim,…), phòng viêm nội tâm mạc nhiễm trùng, sử dụng thuốc kháng đông thích hợp, điều trị các biến chứng và các bệnh đồng mắc.

8.1. Các biến chứng sau thủ thuật

Rung nhĩ chiếm 1/3 trong vòng 3 tháng sau phẫu thuật thay van. Các biến chứng khác bao gồm: đột quỵ, biến chứng xuất huyết, viêm màng ngoài tim, blốc tim có thể cần tạo nhịp tạm thời hay vĩnh viễn (thường gặp sau thay van động mạch chủ), suy tim, rối loạn chức năng thận và nhiễm trùng.

8.2. Triệu chứng cơ năng kéo dài sau can thiệp van

Triệu chứng cơ năng kéo dài có thể xảy ra ở nhiều bệnh nhân sau can thiệp van. Cần thực hiện các bước sau nhằm tìm nguyên nhân: khảo sát lại chức năng van khảo sát và điều trị các bệnh đồng mắc do tim và không do tim. Điều trị các biểu hiện này theo đúng khuyến cáo.

9. Hẹp van động mạch chủ

9.1. Các giai đoạn bệnh

Diện tích mở van (DTMV) động mạch chủ (ĐMC) bình thường từ 3 – 5 cm2, và độ chênh áp từ 4 – 6 mmHg. Khi DTMV giảm 50%, bắt đầu có thay đổi huyết động ngang van và độ chênh áp lực tăng. DTMV giảm còn 30% bình thường (1 cm2), chênh áp lực trung bình ngang van trên 40 mmHg, gọi là hẹp van ĐMC nặng.

Nguyên nhân của hẹp van ĐMC thường gặp gồm bệnh van hậu thấp (14% – 35%), thoái hóa vôi ở người lớn tuổi (trên 65 tuổi), bẩm sinh (ví dụ: van ĐMC hai mảnh).

Theo Hiệp hội Tim Mạch Hoa Kỳ, hẹp van ĐMC được chia làm bốn giai đoạn A, B, C và D để có hướng theo dõi và can thiệp kịp thời(1).

Giai đoạn A: bệnh nhân có nguy cơ hẹp van động mạch chủ như người có bất thường bẩm sinh van ĐMC hai mảnh hoặc 1 mảnh, van động mạch chủ sợi hóa, xơ hóa ở người lớn. Trong giai đoạn này người bệnh cần được theo dõi định kỳ và điều chỉnh các yếu tố nguy cơ dẫn đến hẹp van ĐMC tiến triển.

Giai đoạn B: hẹp van ĐMC tiến triển, bao gồm bệnh van ĐMC bẩm sinh hai mảnh có vôi hóa, sợi hóa lá van tiến triển; hoặc bệnh van tim hậu thấp có thay đổi trên van ĐMC. Trong giai đoạn này, người bệnh có hẹp van ĐMC mức độ nhẹ đến trung bình, có thay đổi huyết động học ngang van. Vận tốc dòng máu ngang van ĐMC tăng trên 2 m/giây, nhưng dưới 4 m/giây, chênh áp lực trung bình ngang van dưới 40 mmHg. Bệnh nhân không có triệu chứng lâm sàng trong giai đoạn này. Người bệnh cần được theo dõi sát tiến triển của bệnh, điều chỉnh các yếu tố nguy cơ, điều trị phòng thấp nếu có thấp tim.

Giai đoạn C: hẹp van ĐMC nặng không có triệu chứng cơ năng với vận tốc dòng máu ngang van ĐMC ≥ 4 m/giây, chênh áp trung bình ≥ 40 mmHg, và diện tích mở van dưới 1.0 cm2 (hoặc AVAi dưới 0.6 cm2). Trong giai đoạn C được chia ra C1 là hẹp van ĐMC nặng không triệu chứng và hẹp rất nặng khi vận tốc ≥ 5 m/giây và chênh áp trung bình ≥ 60 mmHg, C2 là hẹp van ĐMC nặng không triệu chứng với PSTMTT giảm dưới 50%.

Giai đoạn D: hẹp van ĐMC nặng có triệu chứng như khó thở, đau thắt ngực, ngất hoặc gần ngất khi gắng sức hoặc suy tim. Trong giai đoạn D gồm D1, D2 và D3.

  • Giai đoạn D1: hẹp van ĐMC nặng có triệu chứng cơ năng, chênh áp lực ngang van cao với chênh áp trung bình ≥ 40 mmHg, DTMV ≤ 1.0 cm2 (hoặc AVAi ≤ 0.6 cm2/m2), có thể lớn hơn nếu hẹp hở van kết hợp.
  • Giai đoạn D2: hẹp van ĐMC nặng có triệu chứng cơ năng, chênh áp lực ngang van thấp với chênh áp trung bình dưới 40 mmHg, PSTMTT giảm dưới 50%. DTMV theo phương trình liên tục đo được ≤1 cm2. Trường hợp này bệnh nhân cần được làm thêm siêu âm tim gắng sức dobutamine liều thấp để đánh giá độ nặng thật sự của hẹp van ĐMC. Nếu lúc làm siêu âm gắng sức, DTMV vẫn ≤1 cm2và  Vmax tăng lên ≥ 4 m/giây thì người bệnh có hẹp van ĐMC nặng thật sự.
  • Giai đoạn D3: hẹp van ĐMC nặng có triệu chứng, chênh áp ngang van thấp với phân suất tống máu bình thường hoặc hẹp van ĐMC nặng cung lượng thấp nghịch thường. Khi đó chênh áp trung bình ngang van dưới 40 mmHg, chỉ số cung lượng thất (Stroke volume index) dưới 35 ml/m2 và PSTMTT ≥ 50% và điều kiện khi làm siêu âm tim là huyết áp tâm thu dưới 140 mmHg. Tình trạng này thường gặp ở người bệnh có thành thất trái dày nhiều, buồng thất trái nhỏ, thể tích nhát bóp giảm.

(Còn nữa…)

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