Hướng dẫn của ESC 2022 về quản lý bệnh nhân rối loạn nhịp thất và phòng ngừa đột tử do tim – P10

TS. PHẠM HỮU VĂN

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Bảng khuyến cáo 41 — Các khuyến cáo quản lý các bệnh nhân hội chứng QT dài

CA: ngừng tim; ECG: điện tâm đồ; ICD: máy khử rung tim có thể cấy; LCSD: bóc bỏ thần kinh giao cảm tim trái; LQTS: hội chứng QT dài; SCD: đột tử do tim; VA: rối loạn nhịp thất.

^a Class khuyến cáo.

^b Mức độ bằng chứng.

^c http://www.crediblemeds.org

^d Ngất do rối loạn nhịp tim hoặc VA không dung nạp được về mặt huyết động.

 7.2.3. Hội chứng Andersen–Tawil Type 1

Hội chứng Andersen–Tawil type 1, cũng được phân loại là LQT7, là một bệnh hiếm gặp (1:1 000 000) được đặc trưng bằng ba triệu chứng chính: VA thường xuyên (ví dụ như VT hai chiều), rối loạn hình thái và liệt chu kỳ. [964–967] Dòng chỉnh lưu hướng vào trong (IK1) giảm do mất đột biến chức năng KCNJ2968 gây ra sự gia tăng biên độ sóng U thay vì kéo dài QT. [964,967–970] Ngất hoặc VT được ghi lại có liên quan đến VA đe dọa tính mạng, và một nghiên cứu cho thấy xác suất đe doạ tính mạng do VA trong 5 năm là 7,9%. [967] Ở những bệnh nhân có VT hoặc CA kéo dài không dung nạp được về mặt huyết động, nên sử dụng ICD. [964,967] Flecainide và/hoặc thuốc chẹn beta dường như làm giảm VA, [964,970,971] trong khi amiodarone có thể gây rối loạn nhịp tim và chỉ nên được sử dụng với ICD. [967] Ở những bệnh nhân bị ngất mặc dù đã điều trị nội khoa, nên thảo luận về ICD hoặc ILR. [967]

Bảng khuyến cáo 42 – Khuyến cáo cho quản lý bệnh nhân hội chứng Andersen–Tawil

CA: ngừng tim; ICD: máy khử rung tim có thể cấy; ILR: Máy ghi vòng lặp có thể cấy; PVC: phức hợp tâm thất sớm; SCD: đột tử do tim; SHD: bệnh tim cấu trúc; VA: rối loạn nhịp thất; VT: nhịp nhanh thất.

^a Class khuyến cáo.

^b Mức độ bằng chứng

7.2.4. hội chứng Brugada

Mẫu ECG Brugada type 1 được đặc trưng bằng điểm J chênh lên > 2 mV với ST chênh lên và sóng T đảo ngược ở ít nhất một chuyển đạo ECG trước tim phải, V1 hoặc V2, đặt ở khoang liên sườn thứ hai, thứ ba hoặc thứ tư (Hình 32) ). Nó có thể xảy ra một cách tự nhiên hoặc do tiếp xúc với thuốc chẹn kênh natri hoặc sốt. [135,231,973–978] Bắt buộc phải loại trừ các điều kiện khác có thể giải thích kiểu mẫu type 1, được gọi là hiện tượng dạng giống bên ngoài (phenocopies). [979]

BrS được chẩn đoán ở những bệnh nhân không có bệnh tim khác và thuộc type 1 tự phát, bất kể triệu chứng, do hiếm gặp trong dân số nói chung và liên quan đến nguy cơ. [231.979.980] Mẫu type 1 cũng có thể được tạo ra bằng cách sử dụng thuốc chẹn kênh natri như một xét nghiệm chẩn đoán ở những bệnh nhân nghi ngờ có BrS ẩn giấu nhưng không có ECG type 1 tự phát. [135,136,231,387,973,978,981–985] Tuy nhiên, sự kích thích do thuốc hoặc sốt ít đặc hiệu hơn so với suy nghĩ trước đây, với tỷ lệ hiện mắc là 2–4% ở những người khỏe mạnh và tỷ lệ hiện mắc cao hơn ở những bệnh nhân có nhịp tim nhanh vào lại nút AV hoặc đường phụ trong một nghiên cứu. [977.978.986] Theo ý kiến của nhóm chuyên gia này, do đó, mẫu ECG type 1 được tạo ra đòi hỏi các đặc điểm lâm sàng khác, chẳng hạn như PVT/VF được ghi lại, ngất do rối loạn nhịp tim hoặc tiền sử gia đình có liên quan.

Hiệu suất xét nghiệm di truyền ở bệnh nhân BrS là khoảng 20%, với gen SCN5A là gen duy nhất có bằng chứng về mối liên quan cho mục đích thử nghiệm lâm sàng. [164.980] Sự không phù hợp về kiểu hình và kiểu gen được thấy ở các họ SCN5A, điều này được giải thích bằng các tác động khác nhau của mức độ nghiêm trọng của đột biến và điểm rủi ro đa gen bắt nguồn từ các nghiên cứu kết hợp trên toàn bộ gen. [170,979,987] Dữ liệu gần đây cũng hỗ trợ khả năng tiên lượng. [988,989]

Thuốc hướng tâm thần, thuốc AAD chọn lọc, thuốc gây mê, cocaine, uống quá nhiều rượu và sốt là những tác nhân có khả năng làm trầm trọng thêm mẫu type 1 và gây ra VF. [231,297] Nguy cơ VF tái phát ở bệnh nhân có biểu hiện CA là 48% sau 10 năm. Do đó, cấy ICD được chỉ định ở những bệnh nhân BrS có triệu chứng sống sót sau CA hoặc đã ghi nhận bệnh nhân có VA tự phát được chứng minh bằng tư liệu. (Hình 33). [980,990–994] Khoảng một phần ba số bệnh nhân BrS có biểu hiện ngất. [995] Nguy cơ xảy ra biến cố loạn nhịp ở bệnh nhân BrS bị ngất không giải thích được cao gấp 4 lần so với nguy cơ ở bệnh nhân không có triệu chứng. [155.990–992.994.996] Bệnh sử bệnh nhân chi tiết, gồm cả việc không có tiền triệu hoặc các yếu tố kích hoạt cụ thể, là điều cần thiết để phân biệt ngất do loạn nhịp tim và ngất không do loạn nhịp tim. Tuy nhiên, nguyên nhân gây ngất rất khó xác định ở 30% trường hợp bệnh nhân BrS. Trong các nghiên cứu nhỏ, rối loạn nhịp tim được phát hiện bằng ILR đã thay đổi cách xử trí lâm sàng ở 20–36% bệnh nhân BrS bị ngất không giải thích được. [997–999]

Bệnh nhân không có triệu chứng đại diện cho phần lớn bệnh nhân BrS mới được chẩn đoán với tỷ lệ mắc các biến cố rối loạn nhịp tim là 0,5% / năm. [1000,1001] Việc phân tầng nguy cơ vẫn còn nhiều thách thức. Mẫu ECG type 1 tự phát, cũng như các dấu hiệu ECG khác như mẫu tái cực sớm và QRS phân đoạn, có liên quan đến nguy cơ cao hơn. [980,992,1002,1003] Một số đã được đưa vào điểm nguy cơ, mặc dù tiện ích của chúng ở những bệnh nhân có nguy cơ trung bình vẫn còn thấp. [1004,1005] Các nghiên cứu về điện sinh lý vẫn còn gây tranh cãi. Một phân tích gộp đa trung tâm cho thấy việc tạo ra VA dai dẳng trong các nghiên cứu điện sinh lý có liên quan đến nguy cơ VA cao hơn trong tương lai. [155] Tuy nhiên, khả năng tạo ra có liên quan đến kết quả có thể áp dụng được trên lâm sàng chỉ ở những bệnh nhân không có triệu chứng với ECG dạng Brugada type 1 tự phát.

Trong trường hợp sốc ICD tái phát do VF, quinidine hoặc triệt phá qua catheter đã thành công trong việc giảm tần số sốc. [922,1006,1007] Truyền isoproterenol có thể ngăn chặn cơn bão điện. [1008]  Trong vài nghiên cứu nhỏ, quinidin có hiệu quả trong việc giảm hoặc thậm chí ngăn ngừa khả năng gây rối loạn nhịp tim trong quá trình kích thích được lập trình. [922,1006,1007] Tuy nhiên, tác dụng phụ của quinidine có thể xảy ra ở 37% bệnh nhân và quinidine không thể tiếp cận được ở nhiều quốc gia. Cilostazol (chất ức chế phosphodiesterase-3) có thể thay thế cho quinidin. [1008] Dữ liệu lập bản đồ điện sinh lý liên quan đến các nghiên cứu mô bệnh học cho thấy chất nền gây rối loạn nhịp tim bất thường ở RVOT thượng tâm mạc là nguyên nhân gây ra đoạn ST chênh lên ở các chuyển đạo trước tim bên phải và xuất hiện VF ở bệnh nhân BrS. [1009] Việc triệt phá những vùng bất thường này có thể ức chế rõ rệt VF tái phát và bình thường hóa ECG ở > 75% bệnh nhân. [1009–1015] Ở những bệnh nhân có các cơn VF tái phát được kích hoạt bằng một PVC tương tự không đáp ứng với điều trị nội khoa, việc triệt phá qua catheter có thể nhắm vào PVC, thường nhất bắt nguồn từ hệ thống RVOT hoặc Purkinje. [1013] Tuy nhiên, dữ liệu liên quan đến việc theo dõi lâu dài sau khi triệt phá còn hạn chế, không có dữ liệu thử nghiệm cũng như bằng chứng về việc triệt phá ở bệnh nhân không có triệu chứng.

Hình 32. Các ví dụ điển hình của (A) điện tâm đồ Brugada type 1, và (B) điện tâm đồ kiểu tái cực sớm. ECG: Điện tâm đồ. Brugada type 1 pattern ECG: điện tâm đồ mẫu Brugada type 1. Early repolarization pattern ECG: điện tâm đồ mẫu tái cực sớm.

Bảng Khuyến cáo 43 Khuyến cáo dành cho quản lý bệnh nhân hội chứng Brugada

BrS: hội chứng Brugada; CA: ngừng tim; ECG: điện tâm đồ; ICD: máy khử rung tim có thể cấy ghép; PES: kích thích điện được lập trình; PVC: phức hợp thất sớm; PVT: nhịp nhanh thất đa hình; RVOT, đường ra thất phải; SCD: đột tử do tim; SD: đột tử; VA: rối loạn nhịp thất; VF: rung tâm thất.

^a Class khuyến cáo.

^b Mức độ bằng chứng

 Hình 33. Phần Một. Thuật toán quản lý bệnh nhân có điện tâm đồ mẫu Brugada

Hình 33 Phần hai. Thuật toán quản lý bệnh nhân có mẫu ECG Brugada. BrS: hội chứng Brugada; CA: ngừng tim; ECG: điện tâm đồ; ICD: máy khử rung tim có thể cấy; ILR: máy ghi vòng lặp có thể cấy; SADS, hội chứng đột tử do rối loạn nhịp tim; VA, rối loạn nhịp thất. aEcho, CMR, CT tim, CAG được chỉ định tùy theo biểu hiện lâm sàng của bệnh nhân và các yếu tố nguy cơ. b Khuyến cáo chung: tránh các thuốc có thể làm tăng đoạn ST ở chuyển đạo trước tim phải (http://www.brugadadrugs.org), tránh cocaine, uống nhiều rượu, điều trị sốt bằng thuốc hạ sốt.

(Còn nữa)

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